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Desember 20, 2022
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HISTORY OF HDPE USE AT THE CITY OF PALO ALTO FOR POTABLE WATER DISTRIBUTION

Greg Scoby, PE

# 2021 Amsterdam

This paper will detail the steps taken during adoption of HDPE for potable water systems improvements including material justification, creation of related specifications, investigation of available piping components, qualification of contractors and the construction/inspection of related systems.

The City of Palo Alto, California, USA adopted HDPE as the primary material for water distribution in 2010. This adoption was implemented in an accelerated water main replacement program initiated in 1994. The accelerated infrastructure program lowered the level of replacement from 233 years to 77.6 years which is well within the anticipated useful life of HDPE materials (100 years minimum). This paper provides a historical account of the City’s Utilities Department along with statistics of the systems composition. Several construction projects involving the exclusive use of HDPE are included.

Approximately 10 years ago, the City of Palo Alto made the decision to convert to HDPE for potable water distribution. This decision was based on the experience gained with the exclusive use of polyethylene for natural gas distribution made in the late 1980s. Several factors were considered to support this conversion. The major driving force was the leak free performance of a monolithic self-restraining system provided by fused connections. Other factors guiding this decision included the projected life of the material, minimizing corrosion failure associated with buried metallic components, ability to install piping with trenchless construction methods to minimize installed cost and customer inconvenience and the need to construct a resilient distribution system capable of remaining in service during and after seismic events. The San Andreas Fault traverses Palo Alto. In the early 1990s, utility department staff convinced Council members of the need to increase replacement levels associated with the water, gas and wastewater systems. An accelerated infrastructure replacement program was funded and additional engineering staff hired to focus on the design and construction of all three mentioned systems. In 2009, staff started the revisions of the existing standards Copyright © 2021 by (Greg Scoby, PE, Crossbore Consultants, Gregs@CrossboreConsultants.com)and construction documents for the water system and joined the Plastics Pipe Institute Municipal Advisory Board and the American Water Works 263 Polyolefin Committee (responsible for polyethylene standards) to ensure the newly created HDPE specifications represented the best practices.

Staff utilized past experience gained during natural gas projects to implement the use of trenchless construction methods for potable water system replacement. The first HDPE project, Water Main Replacement 21/22, was constructed over the 2010/2011 fiscal year with main sizes ranging from 8 inch (200 mm) through 16 inch (400 mm) encompassing a total 31,680 linear feet (9.7 km) of mains. Construction was performed by a polyethylene qualified contractor utilizing both trenchless and open cut construction methods. Based on the success of this project, full adoption of HDPE for water, including mains and services, was made for all system extensions and improvements/replacements. HDPE is currently the primary material specified by the City for potable water distribution.

 

https://www.pe100plus.com/PPCA/HISTORY-OF-HDPE-USE-AT-THE-CITY-OF-PALO-ALTO-FOR-POTABLE-WATER-DISTRIBUTION-p1792.html

Desember 13, 2022
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PVC-O DN800: EFFICIENT TRANSFORMATION FROM SOIL TO IRRIGATED LAND

Ignacio Muñoz

# 2021 Amsterdam

“Food is the new oil and gas” is a rather bold statement, but everyday more and more people are concerned about food scarcity. Bringing irrigation to not productive lands will change the lives of the community and if it can be done with a cost effective and the most ecofriendly solution, even better. This case study is about a project to transform 244 hectares into irrigated land in the La Sarda region of the municipality of Pedrola (Zaragoza, Spain) with DN800, PN16 bar pipes, and about how the most cost effective alternative was chosen among cast iron, helical steel and reinforced concrete with metal sleeve. Molecular orientation applied to PVC pipes has been around for a few decades now, but we cannot say the same regarding large PVC-O pipes (from DN800 to DN1200). The current state of the art technology applied to this sector opens up fields of application not explored before with PVC-O pipes, and what is more important, this development brings to the table a very much competitive product with regards to metal pipes. The supply conditions, with a very high instantaneous flow in a very short period of time, the high installation performance in meters/hour, the anti-corrosion properties, ease of assembly and lightness, among others, were the main reasons why PVC-O pipes were chosen for this. The most suitable diameter was calculated and considering the investment and power costs, the DN800 mm was the one which better fitted this project.This paper explains in detail the background of the project as well as the purpose and planned solution of the work together with the implementation phases, calculations made and conclusions reached.

https://www.pe100plus.com/PPCA/PVC-O-DN800-EFFICIENT-TRANSFORMATION-FROM-SOIL-TO-IRRIGATED-LAND-p1744.html

Desember 5, 2022
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EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF LIQUID HYDROCARBONS ON THE LONG-TERM CREEP RUPTURE PROPERTIES OF PRESSURE PIPE GRADE UNPLASTICIZED POLYAMIDE-12

James F. Mason, Akshay Ponda, Hermann van Laak, Buc Slay

# 2021 Amsterdam

The effects of liquid hydrocarbons on long term strength of pipe grade thermoplastic resins is an important consideration when designing pressure pipe for use in the oil and gas industry. There is an extensive body of work going back several decades descri bing these effects for pipe grade polyethylenes, and all the relevant pressure pipe design standards specify a fluid service factor of 0.5 to derate for loss of strength in liquid hydrocarbon service. There is a long history of safe and reliable use of pol yethylene pressure pipes using those conservative design standards.

Since polyamide-12 (PA12) pressure pipe has become approved for use in natural gas distribution pipelines, interest in its use in liquid hydrocarbon service for oil and gas gathering has accelerated for applications outside the normal pressure and temperatureuse range of polyethylene. The typical range of interest for PA12 pipe in oil and gas production applications is 40° C to 80° C (140° F to 176° F), using pipes up to 10-inch (250 mm) diameter at pressures to 350 psig (24 MPa). Pipe design is by the same equations as used for polyethylene pipe, so the fluid service factor for PA12 pipe is needed to complete the design and calculate wall thickness.

The practical aspect of doing elevated temperature, long-term hydrostatic strength testing using liquid hydrocarbons as the pressurizing medium is complex. A method and apparatus were developed to determine the effects of any liquid service environment at elevated temperatures on the long-term creep characteristics of tensile bars. Injection molded tensile bars were conditioned to saturation in water or in liquid hydrocarbons, then subjected to long term tensile loading to rupture in the same fluid. The stress regression analysis method of ASTM D2837 was used to analyze the data which extended beyond 6000 hours in both environments at 60°C (140° F). Comparing the long-term strength in each environment permits calculation of a service factor for use in hydrocarbon service. This paper describes the experimental equipment, test protocol, stress regression analytical method, and the experimentally-derived service factor for PA12 in liquid hydrocarbon service.

Article source:
https://www.pe100plus.com/PPCA/EXPERIMENTAL-DETERMINATION-OF-THE-EFFECTS-OF-LIQUID-HYDROCARBONS-ON-THE-LONG-TERM-CREEP-RUPTURE-PROPERTIES-OF-PRESSURE-PIPE-GRADE-UNPLASTICIZED-POLYAMIDE-12-p1804.html

 

November 29, 2022
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CHALLENGING THE 10% WALL THICKNESS RULE FOR HDPE MARINE PIPELINES

Ilija Radeljic, Ebbe Smith

# 2021 Amsterdam

HDPE pipe can be relatively easily scratched during the manipulation on the site, which is especially true for the marine pipelines. Installing the scratched marine pipe with the S bend method presents a risk and repair methods are usually performed. Currently, there is no standard defining the repair procedure, in particular, the shape, angle and other geometric properties on marine pipelines. The only industry guideline is the maximum allowable surface damage depth of 10% of the wall thickness valid for the solid wall pipes, based on on-land pressure applications and small dimensions. This paper examines the effect of different surface damage depths and various options for smoothening the wall surface with different geometry and suggesting the optimum for practical on-site repair.

https://www.pe100plus.com/PPCA/CHALLENGING-THE-10-WALL-THICKNESS-RULE-FOR-HDPE-MARINE-PIPELINES-p1748.html

November 22, 2022
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MULTILAYER POLYMER PIPES – THE INFLUENCE OF RESIDUAL STRESS ON FATIGUE LIFETIME

Lukas Travnicek, Pavel Hutar, Jan Poduska, Andreas Frank, Florian Arbeiter, Jaroslav Kucera, Jiri Sadilek, Gerald Pinter, Lubos Nahlik

# 2021 Amsterdam

The application of recycled material in pressure piping systems has been considered lately – it was suggested, that the recycled polyethylene could be used as a part of a multilayer pipe together with virgin material. This type of pressure pipes is not availableon the market yet, so their properties can be only estimated. Multilayer pipes made of virgin materials, where one of the layers is made of a slightly worse grade of polyethylene can give an idea about some of the properties. In this paper, the residual stress in a multilayer polyethylene pipe with the middle layer made of polyethylene with slightly lower mechanical properties is investigated. Lifetime estimation including the influence of residual stress is then carried out. The applied lifetime estimation procedure takes advantage of the fact, that the stress field around a crack tip in polyethylene can be described by the stress intensity factor. The lifetime of the pipe is then estimated by integration of the power law, which describes the crack growth rate. Eventually, the results are compared with lifetime estimations of the same pipe, where the residual stress was not considered. The comparison shows that the residual stress should not be neglected in lifetime estimations due to its significant influence.

article source https://www.pe100plus.com/PPCA/MULTILAYER-POLYMER-PIPES-THE-INFLUENCE-OF-RESIDUAL-STRESS-ON-FATIGUE-LIFETIME-p1788.html

 

 

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