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Juli 11, 2023
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A combination of accelerated test methods to evaluate new generation resins for disinfectant- resistant polyethylene pipes

Plastic Pipes Conference Association # 2016 Berlin

Francis Reny Costa, Anh Tuan Tran, Jeroen Oderkerk, Thomas Hjertberg, Christophe Salles, Ulf W. Gedde, Benjamin Rabaud, Flavia Zraick

The premature failure of polyethylene pipes in contact with high chlorine and chlorine dioxide, used as residual disinfectants in drinking water distribution, remains an area of concern for water companies particularly in regions where temperatures are regularly or seasonally high. Multiple factors can amplify the adverse effects of these disinfectants on the performance of polyolefin pipes. The formulation of the polyethylene resin and its inherent chemical stability against such oxidants is one key factor and an important starting point to extend the lifespan of distribution infrastructure with improved pipe performance. In many cases, selecting a suitable resin may be the only solution an operator can act upon since other factors are often dictated by distribution requirements (disinfectant concentration, pressure, water temperature). In the design of the resin, it is the additive package that has the biggest influence on the recipe optimization against disinfectants followed by the improved SCG performance to resist initial cracks. A robust additive package should, on the one hand, possess a high chemical stability against the oxidative disinfectants and, on the other, ensure sufficient stabilization of the polymer resin itself over a long period of time. A major challenge in the development of new disinfectant resistant resins is linked to the long timeframe (up to 18 months) currently required by a pilot scale pipe testing method to evaluate the performance of different formulations. In this study, we propose a complementary accelerated test method that can be used to benchmark the stability of the additive package against chlorine dioxide treated water. Results from this accelerated test method and pilot scale pipe testing are compared to demonstrate the effectiveness of the test strategy in differentiating among various polyethylene resins and identifying the best performing solution.

https://www.pe100plus.com/PPCA/A-combination-of-accelerated-test-methods-to-evaluate-new-generation-resins-for-disinfectant-resistant-polyethylene-pipes-p1600.html

Juli 3, 2023
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Comparison Between the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM) and Conventional Creep and Creep Rupture Tests on Polypropylene Used In Corrugated Drainage Pipe

Papers
Plastic Pipes Conference Association # 2014 Chicago
Bill R. Vanhoose, Jarrett A. Nelson, Christa K. McNish, Richard W. Thomas
The Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM) is a form of Time-Temperature Superpositioning (TTS) that involves measuring the creep rate of a sample while it is subjected to a series of isothermal temperature steps. The accelerated temperature results can then be shifted back to room temperature to produce a master-curve. Performing multiple temperature steps on a single specimen reduces the noise associated with sample-tosample variability. This test has been used for over 15 years to characterize the creep behavior of a variety of products made with different polymers. The products include high-strength geotextiles, geogrids, mooring lines, underground storage tanks, and pipe. The polymers evaluated include polyester, polypropylene, polyamides, polyethylene naphthanate (PEN), and polyethylene. The purpose of this study was to validate results obtained by SIM on polypropylene by comparing the SIM results to conventional room temperature creep tests. The results demonstrate that the SIM results correlate well to conventional tests for up to 10,000 hours. Additionally, the SIM results can be considered superior to conventional tests because one can control variables much better over a 24 hour period than a 10,000 hour period.

https://www.pe100plus.com/PPCA/Comparison-Between-the-Stepped-Isothermal-Method-SIM-and-Conventional-Creep-and-Creep-Rupture-Tests-on-Polypropylene-Used-In-Corrugated-Drainage-Pipe-p1401.html

Juni 26, 2023
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A simple design procedure for PVC pipe to account for cyclic pressure loading

Plastic Pipes Conference Association # 2016 Berlin

Steven Folkman, Ron Bishop

One of conditions design engineers face is selecting an appropriate pipe wall thickness (or DR) that will accommodate both maximum operating pressure and repeated surge pressure events. Methods for assessing the number of cycles to failure is quite well developed for PVC pipe. Fracture mechanics approaches can be very accurate and address the actual failure mechanisms that occur. Unfortunately, a typical design engineer is not trained in facture mechanics analysis and the numerous parameters needed. The current AWWA C900 standard has a suggested design procedure in Appendix B. This approach requires input of a mean stress and a stress amplitude and typically requires a root finding approach to calculate a number of cycles to failure. Experience has shown that this method is cumbersome and time-consuming for most design engineers to use. This paper suggests modifications to AWWA guidelines for PVC pipe in the North America when accounting for fatigue failure considerations. Another concern is that the design process needs to consider a variety of stress amplitudes and cycle counts when calculating the expected life of the pipe. This paper outlines a simple and conservative procedure that can be easy to apply and can accommodate multiple stress amplitudes. The paper includes examples for designers to follow in selecting an adequate DR rating for PVC pipe.

https://www.pe100plus.com/PPCA/A-simple-design-procedure-for-PVC-pipe-to-account-for-cyclic-pressure-loading-p1538.html

Juni 21, 2023
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Comparison of Creep Rupture and Creep Modulus Data for High Density Polyethylene and Polypropylene Pipe Resins Using Traditional and Accelerated Test Methods

Plastic Pipes Conference Association # 2014 Chicago

Nicholas Piazza, Bill VanHoose, P.E.

In recent years, ASTM D6992 [1] has been and continues to be referenced as an acceptable test method for creep phenomenon in corrugated pipes. Example product specifications include AASHTO M330 [2], ASTM F2418 [3], ASTM F2736 [4], ASTM F2947 [5], ASTM F2764 [6], Washington DOT Standard Practice T 925 [7]. Traditionally, ASTM D2990 [8] has been used for testing of creep phenomenon of viscoelastic materials. While ASTM D6992 continues to gain favor due to speed and economics of this method, additional test data showing the correlation between traditional creep testing and accelerated creep testing is warranted. This paper presents comparative test data for traditional creep testing, ASTM D2990, and accelerated creep testing, ASTM D6992, for an extrusion grade high-density polyethylene resin and an extrusion grade polypropylene resin.

In order to obtain long-term material properties (i.e. 50, 75, 100 years) from creep testing, a method of superposition is typically used to scale and shift creep test data to generate a master curve in which the time scale extends to 50 years or greater. Historically, conventional creep test methods require the testing of multiple specimens at different stress levels or temperatures, and the duration of these tests can exceed 10,000 hours to obtain the data set required to extrapolate the long-term design life. ASTM D6992 describes the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM) in which time-temperature superposition is used to generate the long-term creep strain and creep modulus of a material under a constant stress. The test duration of this method is typically less than 24 hours and can generally provide the data required to extrapolate beyond 100 years. While SIM has been well established as a method for predicting long-term strains in geosynthetics and some thermoplastic resins including polyethylene terephthalate (PET), extensive research for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) has not been well established to accurately show the viability of SIM with regard to these materials.

https://www.pe100plus.com/PPCA/Comparison-of-Creep-Rupture-and-Creep-Modulus-Data-for-High-Density-Polyethylene-and-Polypropylene-Pipe-Resins-Using-Traditional-and-Accelerated-Test-Methods-p1389.html

Juni 12, 2023
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A Complete Set of Specifications for All Kinds of Plastics Pipeline

Wolters, Wikkerink

Standards & Specs # 2006 Washington DC

The use of plastic pipeline materials in gas distribution systems is still increasing. Presently PE and high impact PVC are the dominating materials in gas distribution networks up to 4 bar. Most of these networks operate at these pressures, only a limited part of the network operates at higher pressures, up to 10 to 20 bar. The performance of the plastic gas distribution systems is excellent, also caused by the availability of (ISO) specifications for these systems. Within ISO TC 138/SC4, which is responsible for defining requirements for plastics used in gas supply systems, many organizations from all over the world are involved. In this paper an overview is given of the status of all specifications in this area. For PE pipeline systems a full set of specs is available, covering all aspects from requirements on resins, pipes, fittings up to the jointing methods and code of practice. These specifications are regularly updated. Recently, also a full set of specifications has become available for high impact PVC pipes aimed to be used at lower pressures (<0.1 bar).For higher demanding applications (higher pressures, higher and lower temperatures, rocky soils, etc. ) tailor-made plastic pipeline systems have or are being developed. For crosslinked PE (PEX) now a complete set of ISO specifications is available. For higher pressure applications, up to 16 to 20 bar, polyamide (PA) and fibre-reinforced thermoplastic pipeline (RTP) systems have been developed. For these materials ISO TC 138/SC4 has also defined specifications or is drafting specs. For multilayer pipes this is also in progress. Altogether this means that in due time a complete set of specifications will be available for all plastics to be used in gas supply systems, defining requirements to resins, pipes, fittings and jointing techniques. This will certainly contribute to the successful, safe and reliable use of plastics in gas distribution systems.

article source:

https://www.pe100plus.com/PPCA/A-Complete-Set-of-Specifications-for-All-Kinds-of-Plastics-Pipeline-p888.html

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